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[Edward]

Question


okay i need some serious help. I want to join a squad but i need a 1.20 ratio at least and im at 1.06

[Edward]

here are just a few

Machine Gun Basics Tutorial
This info can be intergrated into all mode's of Delta Force game play
Machine Guns are automatic weapons of small, intermediate and large caliber that are capable of rapid, sustained fire. Machine Guns are chambered in several calibers ranging from standard military rifle cartridges like the 7.62 NATO or .308 Winchester up to the .50 BMG and .60 caliber for heavy machine guns. The term "cannon" is typically applied to any gun firing a projectile larger than 20mm ( .80 caliber), so most automatic guns under that are typically referred to as Machine Guns. The machine gun was developed in the late 19th century and has profoundly altered the character of modern warfare.

Modern Machine Guns are classified into three groups:

Light Machine Gun - LMG, also called the Squad Automatic Weapon or SAW, is typically equipped with a bipod and is operated by one soldier; it usually has a box-type magazine and is chambered for the small-caliber, intermediate-power ammunition fired by the assault rifles of its military unit. The US Army LMG / SAW uses the same 5.56 NATO (.223 Remington) ammunition used in the basic assault rifle model M16A2.

Medium Machine Gun - MMG, or General-purpose machine gun, is belt-fed, mounted on a bipod or tripod, and fires full-power rifle ammunition. Medium Machine Guns are typically Crew Served with a Gunner and an Assistant Gunner (AG) and in some cases a 3rd Crewman who serves as an Ammo Bearer and Driver. Medium Machine Guns are typically employed in supporting roles to the maneuver elements and are often used to suppress the fires of enemy positions while the fire team and squad assault elements maneuver in an attack. MMG are ordered to "Lift and Shift" there fires at predetermined times as briefed in the Operations Order or Patrol Order or are signaled to "Lift & Shift" there fires by radio or visual signal.

Heavy Machine Gun - HMG Through World War II the term "Heavy Machine Gun" designated a water-cooled machine gun that was belt-fed, handled by a special squad or team of soldiers, and mounted on a tripod or carriage. Since 1945 the term has designated an automatic weapon firing ammunition larger than that used in ordinary combat rifles; the most widely used caliber is .50 caliber or .50 inch diameter U.S. and 12.7 mm for Warsaw Pact/Soviet and Now Russian or CIS, although a Russian heavy machine gun fires a 14.5mm round of .57 caliber. The principle difference in the employment of Heavy Machine Guns is that HMG's are always used in a mounted or crew served supporting position and are capable of defeating lightly armored vehicles like Armored Personal Carriers (APC) and Infantry Fighting Vehicles (IFV) and are also capable of providing "Plunging Fire".
Fireing Tatic's
CLASSES OF FIRE: Machinegun Fire is classified with respect to the GROUND, the TARGET, and the GUN.

Fire with respect to the GROUND includes:

Grazing Fire: Firing in a straight line about 1 meter (39 inches) above the ground, and when the cone of fire does not rise more than 1 meter above the ground. When firing over level or uniformly sloping terrain, a maximum of 600 meters of grazing fire can be obtained. Grazing Fire is used to deny maneuver to the enemy and to defend the approaches to critically defended targets. To prevent the enemy from low crawling under grazing fire, a few degrees of declination is added to the gun during sweeping passes of the covered zone of fire.

Plunging Fire: Plunging Fire is achieved by employing the Heavy Machine Gun (HMG) in an indirect fire mode, similar to artillery. Because of the long range potential of most HMG's the barrel can be elevated so that the projectiles are highly arched above the line of sight and then plunge downward, impacting on the top of targeted bunkers and fighting positions as well as to the lightly armored roof tops of vehicles, shelters and buildings. Light Machine Guns (LMG) and Medium Machine Guns (MMG) can not provide Plunging Fire, except when firing from high ground to low ground and when firing into abruptly rising terrain.

Fire with respect to the TARGET includes:

Frontal Fire: Firing directly into the front of a target or target area so that the long axis of the beaten zone is at a right angle to the front of the target.

Flanking Fire: Fires delivered directly against the flank or side of the target.

Oblique Fire: Fires when the long axis of the beaten zone is at an angle other than a right angle to the front of the target.

Enfilade Fire: When the long axis of the beaten zone coincides or nearly coincides with the long axis of the target. This type of fire is either frontal or flanking. It is the most desirable type of fire with respect to the target because it makes maximum use of the beaten zone.

Fire with respect to the GUN includes: Fixed Fire, Traversing Fire, Searching Fire, Swinging Traverse Fire and Free Gun Fire.

Most machine guns fire at a sustained rate of 500 to 1,000 rounds per minute. The modern medium and heavy machine gun is typically a belt-fed weapon that will continue to fire as long as the trigger is held back, or until the supply of ammunition is exhausted. Most medium and heavy machine guns are equipped with a chick change barrel system, that allows long term usage and sustained automatic fire where the spare barrel can be quickly employed to allow the primary barrel time to cool and are alternated to prevent the barrels from seizing due to heat stress.
Employment: Within the rifle platoon, the M249 is used to provide fire cover during maneuvers involving assault rifle-equipped in the offence and, to cover the most likely enemy approach in the defence positions. The M249 engages point targets out to 800 meters, firing the improved NATO standard 5.56mm cartridge. The SAW forms the basis of firepower for the fire team. The gunner has the option of using 30-round M16 magazines or linked ammunition from pre-loaded 200-round plastic magazines. The gunner's basic load is 600 rounds of linked ammunition.
From the introduction of firearms in the late European Middle Ages, attempts were made to design a weapon that would fire more than one shot without reloading, typically by a cluster or row of barrels fired in sequence. In 1718 James Puckle in London patented a machine gun that was actually produced; a model of it is in the Tower of London. Its chief feature, a revolving cylinder that fed rounds into the gun's chamber, was a basic step toward the automatic weapon; what prevented its success was the clumsy and undependable flintlock ignition. The introduction of the percussion cap in the 19th century led to the invention of numerous machine guns in the United States, several of which were employed in the American Civil War. In all of these either the cylinder or a cluster of barrels was hand cranked. The most successful was the Gatling gun, which in its later version incorporated the modern cartridge, containing bullet, propellant, and means of ignition.

The introduction of smokeless powder in the 1880s made it possible to convert the
hand-cranked machine gun into a truly automatic weapon, primarily because smokeless powder's even combustion made it possible to harness the recoil so as to work the bolt, expel the spent cartridge, and reload. Hiram Stevens Maxim of the United States was the first inventor to incorporate this effect in a weapon design. The Maxim machine gun (c. 1884) was quickly followed by others--the Hotchkiss, Lewis, Browning, Madsen, Mauser, and other guns. Some of these utilized another property of the even burning of smokeless powder: small amounts of the combustion gas were diverted through a port to drive a piston or lever to open the breech as each round was fired, admitting the next round. As a result, during World War I the battlefield was

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[Edward]

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from the outset dominated by the machine gun, generally belt-fed, water-cooled, and of a calibre matching that of the rifle. Except for synchronizing with aircraft propellers, the machine gun remained little changed throughout World War I and into World War II. Since then, innovations such as sheet-metal bodies and air-cooled, quick-changing barrels have made machine guns lighter and more reliable and quick-firing, but they still operate under the same principles as in the days of Hiram Maxim.

Most machine guns employ the gas generated by the explosion of the cartridge to drive the mechanism that introduces the new round in the chamber. The machine gun thus requires no outside source of power, and instead uses the energy released by the burning propellant in a cartridge to feed, load, lock and fire each round, and to extract and eject the empty cartridge case. This automatic operation may be accomplished by any of three ways: blowback, recoil, and gas operation.

In simple blowback operation, the empty cartridge case is hurled backward by the explosion of the cartridge and thereby pushes back the bolt, or breechblock, which in turn compresses a spring and is returned to the firing position upon that spring's recoil. The basic problem involved in blowback is to control the rearward motion of the bolt so that the gun's cycle of operation (e.g., loading, firing, and ejection) takes place correctly. In recoil operation, the bolt is locked to the barrel immediately after a round is fired; both the bolt and barrel recoil, but the barrel is then returned forward by its own spring while the bolt is held to the rear by the locking mechanism until a fresh round has fallen into place in the opened breech.

More common than either of these two methods is gas operation. In this method, the energy required to operate the gun is obtained from the pressure of gas tapped off from the barrel after each cartridge explodes. In a typical gas-operated machine gun, an opening or port is provided in the side of the barrel at a point somewhere between the breech and the muzzle. When the bullet has passed this opening, some of the high-pressure gases behind it are tapped off through the hole and operate a piston or some similar device for converting the pressure of the powder gases to a thrust. This thrust is then used through a suitable mechanism to provide the energy necessary for performing the automatic functions required for sustained fire; e.g., loading, firing, and ejection.

Light Machine Guns (LMG)

Heavy machine guns were satisfactory for defensive roles but were not really portable. A number of lighter machine guns (frequently called machine rifles or automatic rifles) began to be used in 1915. These included the British Lewis gun (invented in America but manufactured and improved in Great Britain), the French Chauchat, several German weapons, and the U.S. M1918 Browning automatic rifle (known as the BAR). Most, but not all, of these light weapons were gas-operated. Almost all were air-cooled. Generally, they fired from magazines rather than belts of ammunition because detachable magazines were more convenient and more easily transported. Weighing as little as 15 pounds, they were light enough to be carried by one man and fired rifle-fashion or from a prone position.

After World War I, light machine guns virtually took over the functions of their heavier counterparts, although the older weapons continued in service around the world through World War II and for decades thereafter. In Germany, where heavy, water-cooled Maxim-type guns had been forbidden by the victorious Allies, an entirely new generation of light machine guns was introduced by the Maschinengewehr 1934 and 1942. Recoil-operated and fed 7.92-millimeter rifle ammunition on belts, these were equally effective when fired from bipods or when mounted on tripods for sustained fire. Firing at an extremely high rate (as high as 1,000 rounds per minute), they dealt with the overheating problem by being built with barrels that could be changed in seconds. The MG34 pioneered the quick-change mechanism, while the MG42, being fabricated largely of stamped sheet-metal parts welded and riveted together, could be made cheaply and quickly even in factories designed for automobile manufacture.

The Soviets began to issue their Degtyarev Pekhotny (DP) in 1933 and supplied it to Loyalist forces in the Spanish Civil War. In 1944 it was modified into the DPM. British infantry units fought World War II with the Bren, a .303-inch version of a weapon designed by the Czech weapons maker Václav Holek, and U.S. troops relied on the BAR. All were gas-operated and magazine-fed and weighed from slightly over 20 pounds to more than 30 pounds loaded. They fired slowly enough to deliver accurate bursts from their bipods, 350-600 rounds per minute.

After the war, with assault-rifle cartridges becoming standard issue, terms such as automatic rifle, light machine gun, and medium machine gun gave way to general-purpose machine gun (GPMG) and squad automatic weapon (SAW). Most GPMGs were chambered for the intermediate-size 7.62-millimeter cartridges of NATO and the Soviet Union, while SAWs fired small-caliber, high-velocity rounds such as the 5.56-millimeter NATO or the 5.45-millimeter Kalashnikov. Significant belt-fed GPMGs included the West German MG3, a modernized version of the MG42; the Mitrailleuse d'Appui Général (MAG), built by Fabrique Nationale of Belgium; the U.S.-made M60; and the Soviet Pulemyot Kalashnikova (PK). Of the SAWs, the most prominent were the belt- or magazine-fed Minimi, built by Fabrique Nationale, and the magazine-fed Ruchnoy Pulemyot Kalashnikova (RPK).

Large Caliber - Heavy Machine Guns (HMG)

With the eclipse of the early water-cooled machine guns, the term heavy was applied to machine guns firing cartridges of several times rifle caliber--most often .50 inch or 12.7 millimeters. Even before World War I, fully automatic weapons were used with ammunition more powerful than rifle cartridges, but such ammunition was not necessary for infantry missions until foot soldiers encountered armored vehicles. During the 1930s, many higher-powered weapons were adopted, although only two had outstanding success. One was the United States' M2 Heavy Barrel Browning. Essentially a .50-inch version of the .30-inch M1917 Browning (a Maxim-type machine gun produced too late to see much fighting in World War I), the M2 was still widely used throughout the noncommunist world decades after World War II and is still used by the US and it's allies all over the world.

The .50 caliber (.5 inch) cartridge delivered bullets of various weights and types at high muzzle velocities, with roughly five to seven times the energy of full rifle-power ammunition. The weapon is recoil-operated and air-cooled, and it fires at about 450 rounds per minute. The Soviet 12.7-millimeter weapon, the Degtyarov-Shpagin Krupnokaliberny 1938 (DShK-38), is similar, but it was gas-operated. It went into wide use in Soviet-supplied countries. Both of these weapons, as well as their successors (such as the Soviets' Nikitin-Sokolov-Volkov, or NSV, machine gun), were used by infantry units on wheeled or tripod mounts, but they were also mounted on tanks to provide defensive fire against ground vehicles or aircraft.

After 1945, several super heavy machine guns (more than .50 inch) were developed, mostly for antiaircraft use. The single most important was a 14.5-millimeter weapon first introduced by the Soviets for use in armored vehicles. It was recoil-operated and belt-fed and had a barrel that could be changed quickly. Later it was fielded on a variety of wheeled carriages and was known as the Zenitnaya Protivovozdushnaya Ustanovka. The ZPU-4, a four-barreled version towed on a trailer, shot down many U.S. aircraft during that nation's involvement in the Vietnam War (1965-73) and remained in service throughout the Third World long afterward.
This info was obtained from the gun glossary @gunnery.net and writen permission to use this was obtained and on record.

[Edward]

and some more

Attack and Defend Tatic's
These tatic's can be intergrated into all modes of Delta Force play,new and raiseing squads should pay close attention to this and the saw tutorial.especially if no 1 is prior millatry .
Types of security operations are:

- Screening Force: Maintains surveillance, provides early warning to the main body, impedes and harasses the enemy with supporting indirect fires, and destroys enemy reconnaissance elements within it's capability.
- Guard Force: Accomplishes all the tasks of the screening force. Additionally, prevents enemy ground observation of and direct fire against the main body. Reconnoiters, attacks, defends, and delays as necessary to accomplish its mission.

- Covering Force: Accomplishes all the tasks of the Guard Force and Screening Force. Additionally, operates apart from the main body to develop the situation early and deceive, disorganize, and destroy enemy forces
Examples of Military Attacks are:

- Hasty Attack: An offensive operation for which a unit has not made extensive preparations. It is conducted with the resources immediately available in order to maintain momentum or to take advantage of the enemy situation.

- Deliberate Attack: An attack planned and carefully coordinated with all concerned elements based on thorough reconnaissance, evaluation of all available intelligence and relative combat strength, analysis of various courses of action, and other factors affecting the situation. It is generally conducted against a well organized defense when a hasty attack is not possible or has been conducted and fails.

- Spoiling Attack: A limited objective attack made to delay, disrupt, or destroy the enemy's capability to launch an attack.
Typical defensive missions are:

Defend in Sector: A mission which requires a defending unit to prevent enemy forces from passing beyond the rear boundary of the sector, while retaining flank security, and ensuring integrity of effort within the scheme of maneuver.

Defend a Battle Position (BP): A mission which places a unit in a BP to concentrate its fires, to limit its maneuver, or to place it in an advantageous position to counterattack.

Defend a Strong Point: A mission which implies retention of the position at all costs. Repeated assaults must be expected and repelled. Types of Fire

Barrage Fire: Fire which is designed to fill a volume of space or area rather than aimed specifically at a given target.

Call Fire: Fire delivered on a specific target in response to a request from the supported unit.

Close Supporting Fire: Fire placed on enemy troops, weapons, or positions which, because of their proximity, present the most immediate and serious threat to the supported unit. This type of fire is also referred to a "Danger Close".

Counter Fire: Fire delivered for the purpose of destroying or neutralizing indirect fire weapon systems. Fires directed at opposing artillery, rockets and field guns, also know as counter battery fire.

Covering Fire: 1. Fire used to protect troops when they are within range of enemy small arms. 2. In amphibious usage, fire delivered prior to the landing to cover preparatory operations such as underwater demolition or minesweeping.

Deep Supporting Fire: Fire directed on objectives not in the immediate vicinity of our forces, for neutralizing and destroying enemy reserves and weapons, and interfering with enemy command, supply, communications, and
observations.

Direct Fire: Gunfire delivered on a target, using the target itself as a point of aim for either the gun or the director. Typically fire on a close proximity target, where the gun or tube is not elevated and the projectile in not arched. Using artillery in Anti-Tank mode or to fire on troops without elevation.

Direct Supporting Fire: Fire delivered in support of part of a force, as opposed to general supporting fire which is delivered in support of the force as a whole.

Distributed Fire: Fire so dispersed as to engage most effectively an area target.

Grazing Fire: Fire approximately parallel to the ground where the center of the cone of fire does not rise above one meter from the ground

Harassing Fire: Fire designed to disturb the rest of the enemy troops, to curtail movement, and, by threat of losses, to lower morale.

Indirect Fire: Fire delivered on a target that is not itself used as a point of aim for the weapons or the director.

Observed Fire: Fire for which the point of impact or burst can be seen by an observer. The fire can be controlled and adjusted on the basis of observation.

Preparation Fire: Fire delivered on a target preparatory to an assault.

Radar Fire: Gunfire aimed at a target which is tracked by radar.

Registration Fire: Fire delivered to obtain accurate data for subsequent effective engagement of targets.

Scheduled Fire: A type of prearranged fire executed at a predetermined time.

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[Edward]

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Searching Fire: Fire distributed in depth by successive changes in the elevation of a gun.

Supporting Fire: Fire delivered by supporting units to assist or protect a unit in combat.

Suppressive Fire: Fires on or about a weapons system to degrade its performance below the level needed to fulfill its mission objectives, during the conduct of the fire mission.

Unobserved Fire: Fire for which the points of impact or burst are not observed.

Zone Fire: Artillery or mortar fires that are delivered in a constant direction at several quadrant elevations.
RECOIL: The rearward motion or "kick" of a gun upon firing. Recoil in shooting, is the practical effect of Newton's Third Law of Motion: for every action there is and opposite and equal reaction. Recoil is typically explained in 3 separate terms: Generated Recoil; Physical Recoil; and Anticipated Recoil. For more information on recoil see the information block below.

Generated Recoil: The amount of force exerted on the firearms action, stock or grip. The factors affecting this force are the charge or amount and type of powder in the cartridge and the weight of the projectile. The internal pressure is created by the rapidly expanding gasses that are created when the solid propellant or gun powder ignites and turns into a gas. The only way to modify the amount of force is to reduce the charge or the bullet weight. Generated recoil is a constant if all variable are left unchanged.

Physical Recoil: The amount of force exerted through the firearms action and stock or grip to the shooter. This force is also referred to as Felt Recoil or Perceived Recoil. Though the amount of Generated Recoil is constant, there are several factors that effect the forces on the shooter, if the variables of the chambered load are left unchanged. Additional information on the factors that can be used to reduce felt recoil are listed below.

Anticipated Recoil: Probably the most dangerous form of recoil, is anticipated recoil. In firearms as with most things in life, 90 percent of the battle is fought and won in the mind. If you are psyched out and nervous about or fear the recoil, you are going to have a bad experience. If you use the proper shooting stance and apply the steady hold factors, the shooting experience will be fun and you will normally ask for more. Nervous and fearful shooters often do not employ a proper shooting stance and may be brutalized by the recoil of a Big Bore Rifle or Large Caliber handgun as they are not mentally and physically prepared to take a shot.

Recoil Reduction: Physical, Felt or Perceived Recoil can be moderated by the shooters: Grip, Stance, Mindset and Reduction or Absorption systems installed in the stock or in the action. Muzzle Breaks and Compensators are often used on Rifles and for Sporting handguns. Breaks and Compensators vent some of the gasses using a cut or vent added to or cut into the end of the barrel. Other muzzle breaks screw onto the end of a threaded barrel and feature vents, cuts or holes that allow the gas to expand and therefore not have as much time in the barrel to push back against the action and the shooter.

Butt Pads placed on the buttstock of a rifle are the cheapest and probably the most effective means of reducing the force exerted on the shooter. Modern Recoil Reduction Systems in rifles are typically installed in the stock and use a dampening system with mercury or another heavy metal that moves inside a tube to dampen and reduce recoil. In addition to the reducer tubes, adding weight to the stock can help but are generally less effective that the dampers. In handguns, a dual spring guide rod and stiffer weight recoil springs are often used to reduce the amount of energy transmitted to the shooter. The Harts Recoil Reduction System uses a mercury insert in the guide rod similar to those found in rifles, while the Sprinco Recoil Reducer uses a dual spring guide rod.

Synthetic or rubberized grips on a handgun can reduce the amount of Physical / Felt / Perceived Recoil. Other factors that can effect Physical / Felt / Perceived Recoil are the style and composition of the stock, with a straight line stock, absorbing more energy. The total weight of the firearm is also an important factor in the amount of force transmitted to the shooter. Many large caliber handguns have heavy weight frames to absorb some of the transmitted energy. Big Bore Rifles are typically 10 to 12 pounds and adding additional weight to the stock can further reduce the amount of force. Many people feel that composite laminate wood or synthetic stocks absorb more of the Physical / Felt / Perceived Recoil than do traditional wooden stocks. My personal experience does not prove this to be true if the wooden stock is of solid material and the proper weight for the chambered load. Most custom and expensive Big Bore Rifles still use a solid wooden stocks with the traditional dampening tube installed in the stock.
This info was obtained from the gun glossary @gunnery.net and writen permission to use this was obtained and on record


hope this has been helpful :D